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Utilitarianism  |
| John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873) |
Utilitarianism - achieving the greatest good for the greatest number. Well-known Western philosopher John Stuart Mill proposes the concept of utilitarianism as a moral standard by which to judge actions. |
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| The Essays of Montaigne - Complete |
| Michel Montaigne (1533 - 1592) |
Essays was first published in 1580. In it Montaigne essentially invented the literary form of the essay, a short subjective treatment of a given topic. Montaigne's stated goal in his book is to describe man, and especially himself, with utter frankness. The modernity of thought in Montaigne's essays, coupled with their sustained popularity, made them arguably the most prominent work in French philosophy until the Enlightenment. Their influence over French education and culture is still strong. |
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| Utopia |
| Thomas More (1478 - 1535) |
In Utopia (1516) Thomas More concocts a place, an island, with what he considers to be desirable religious, social and political practices - a place very unlike where he actually lived. It is a place "like Plato's Republic, only better". Utopia is often discussed for its political ideas and is seen as the seed for communist political thought, it is a great piece of work that continues to generate political discussion. Thought provoking through the ages. |
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| The Dhammapada |
| F. Max Muller (1823 - 1900) |
The Dhammapada contains verses that are the answers to questions put to the Buddha himself. In these verses the Buddha illustrates the path to enlightenment, the liberation from suffering and ultimately the achievement of Nirvana which also ends the cycle of birth, old age, sickness, and death. |
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| Apologia Pro Vita Sua |
| John Henry Newman (1801 - 1890) |
A defence of one's life presents an autobiographical account of his religious development as a defence against an attack by novelist Charles Kingsley. Newman had begun as an Anglican theologian and later converted to Catholicism, this conversion was very disturbing for many people and marked a turning point in the history of the Church of England and the Catholic Church in England. |
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| Beyond Good and Evil |
| Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900) |
Nietzsche soars in philosophic thought in Beyond Good and Evil. He transcended most of his 19th century contemporaries and considered the bulk of their philosophic thinking to be greatly limited by their acceptance of Christian premises. Denying a universal morality for all people, Nietzsche instead proposed that the individual's "will to power" upon the world was the means to move beyond good and evil. Agree? Disagree? Agree to disagree? Brilliantly thought provoking. |
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| Common Sense |
| Thomas Paine (1737 - 1809) |
The immense popularity of Common Sense contributed to fomenting the American Revolution. The work is a political pamphlet denouncing British rule written by Thomas Paine and first published in 1776. To help spread its ideas Paine donated the copyright for Common Sense and paid for the first printing himself. At the height of its popularity only the Bible outsold it. |
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